Shushi
- darkometer rating: (5) ----------------------------------------------------
UPDATE November 2020: in the latest outbrake of war from September 2020, Azerbaijan captured Shushi, called Şuşa in Azeri. Hence it will most likely no longer be accessible from Nagorno-Karabakh. So the account given below has to be regarded as largely historical and out of date. the whole chapter may indeed have to be moved into the
Lost Places section. But not yet. For now I'll let the account of the place below stand ...
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The second largest town in , and one that played a decisive role in the war. Many war ruins still bear witness to this.
>More background info
>What there is to see
>Location
>Access and costs
>Time required
>Combinations with other dark destinations
>Combinations with non-dark destinations
>Photos
More background info: Shushi (nothing to do with sushi – even if Google so insists!), or Shusha (Şuşa) in Azeri, is a town of chequered history in the heart of
Nagorno-Karabakh. It had already been the site of bloody clashes in the early 20th century between the Armenian and Azeri/Tartar/Turkish parts of the population. The worst of these took place in 1920, known as the "Shusha pogrom", in which thousands of Armenians were massacred.
Since then Shusha used to have a disproportionately high Muslim Azeri population (obviously, as the Armenians had been largely wiped out), and just before the Karabakh war in the 1990s it was almost entirely Azeri/
Azerbaijani, a stronghold within the otherwise predominately
Armenian enclave.
This, together with the town's position high on a hill overlooking the plains and Karabakh's capital city
Stepanakert, gave it prime strategic importance during the war. From here, Azeri forces indiscriminately fired missiles on Stepanakert … as any taxi driver (or indeed anyone you may speak to) in Stepanakert and Karabakh at large will keep telling visitors at any opportunity. No less a popular theme is the heroic capture of Sushi:
On 8 May 1992, Armenian forces launched a daring night-time attack, up the steep hillside towards Shushi and within a day conquered the city and forced out the Azeri military as well as the population. This is frequently regarded as possibly the most crucial turning-point in the war that shifted fortunes in favour of the Armenian side. (For more on the war see under
Nagorno-Karabakh in general). Several museums sport diorama displays of the battle – and stories of heroism associated with it seem to be firmly rooted in local folklore.
As a result of the war, the population of Shushi today is but a fraction of what it once was. At its height in the 19th and early 20th century it was as many as between 40,000 and 50,000, and still about 17,000 just before the Karabakh war.
All the Azeris fled the region and its capital, and after that only about 3500 Armenians lived here – many themselves refugees from
Azerbaijan (but also Armenians from other Karabakh regions or members of the Diaspora) … i.e. it's the result of what's become known in modern historiography as "ethnic cleansing".
A great deal of reconstruction work has been carried out and is still going on in Shushi, but many drastic war scars remain, including entire multi-storey apartment blocks that are just empty shells. It's precisely this that makes Shushi a dark tourism destination. It also complements its neighbour Stepanakert, which, unlike Shushi, has been almost completely rebuilt, but which, on the other hand, houses all the museums commodifying the story of the Karabakh war. In Shushi it's rather the raw and uncommented that serves as testimony to what happened during the war.
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UPDATE 2020: now that Azerbaijan has captured Shushi, reconstruction will have shifted, and a new Azeri population will eventually take over the place in a new round of ethnic cleansing, now the other way round again ...
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What there is to see: as you approach the town on the winding road that leads up from the Stepanakert plain you'll pass a tank on a plinth and a memorial. This, as you might have guessed, is
the monument to the capture of Shushi by Armenian forces in May 1992.
The tank memorial is popular with wedding parties as a stop for photos – in true Soviet/Russian tradition – as I witnessed when I visited the place in August 2010. People also lay flowers by, or rather on, the tank, which makes for a rather bizarre sight.
Up in Shushi itself, two contrasting things dominate the first impression (as well as the lasting impression): on the one hand the unusually shiny-white new cathedral (Armenian churches are typically rather built from red tuff) – and on the other hand the many war ruins scattered across the surrounding hillsides. These include a number of fairly large Soviet-style blocks of flats, now just empty shells.
Some striking examples are to be seen on the hillside to the north-west of the cathedral. Just beyond some of these sits a small church from where you not only get a good view over Shushi and the cathedral but also get closer up to some of the ruins. Since I was somewhat reluctant to ask my driver outright to "take me to some of those war ruins", I used the church as a sightseeing pretext to at least get closer to some of them. If you're less inhibited and/or are just clambering about on your own, you may be able to just walk up right up to them …
The rest of the town is a mix of ruins of residential buildings, as well as a couple of derelict mosques, with newly occupied homes interspersed in between – the characteristic juxtaposition of Shushi today.
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UPDATE 2020: the look of Shushi is bound to change now that it is in the hands of Azerbaijan.
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UPDATE November 2020: now no longer accessible from Nagorno-Karabakh at all, after Azerbajani troops captured the city in the latest war in the region! Whether it may become accessible from within Azerbaijan remains to be seen.
UPDATE 2023: Indeed, there have been tour offers to Azerbaijani-held parts of Karabakh, including Shushi, from
Baku, organized and sponsored for propaganda purposes by the Azeri (dictatorial) government, but these are highly dubious – see
this note!
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Details: from the obvious base of Nagorno-Karabakh's capital city
Stepanakert you can get one of the frequent and super-cheap marshrutkas (minibus services); but a taxi shouldn't cost too much either, given the short distance. Doing Shushi as an excursion by taxi also makes sense (easier for getting around), unless you want to stay overnight in town and explore on your own, on foot. There are a few accommodation options, even including a surprisingly boutique hotel that bears the name of the city (and also has a restaurant). Lots of construction was going on when I visited (in August 2010) and I spotted at least one spanking new hotel (by the fortress) that looked like it was just about to open. More developments can be expected in the future.
UPDATE 2020: in actual fact, such developments will have taken on an new nature now that the town has been captured by Azerbaijan
Time required: depends on your mode of transport. If you have a car (with driver, i.e. taxi) then it won't take long to get a good look. Maybe an hour or so. If you're staying in Shushi and want to more exhaustively explore the place on foot, then the steep slopes of Shushi will require more time as well as effort, but an afternoon and/or morning should suffice.
Combinations with non-dark destinations: in general see
Nagorno-Karabakh – the premier non-dark sight in Shushi is without any doubt its splendidly gleaming white, restored Ghazanchetsots Cathedral, which dominates the "skyline". Another church stands on an opposite hill, but is much less spectacular close up – though it is a good vantage point for views over Shushi and its cathedral.
[UPDATE 2020: this cathedral has been damaged in the most recent flare-up of military conflict; and as the town is now held by Azeri troops, it's unlikely to get repaired; they'll probably concentrate on those old mosques instead.]
Furthermore, a couple of old mosques (partly reconstructed, partly still damaged and derelict) can also be found – testament to the fact that this was once a primarily Azeri town … [UPDATE: and is now again, so these mosques may well be revived.]
Perched high on the hillside that overlooks the plain towards
Stepanakert sits the fortress and the medieval wall, just in front of a new hotel/restaurant (where you can park). If you don't mind a bit of clambering through undergrowth and up crumbly walls, then you can walk along a stretch of the wall too.
To the south-east of Shushi dramatic views of the deep Dashalti gorge beyond can be had.
Shushi 01 - high on a hill
Shushi 02 - cityscape
Shushi 03 - old and new
Shushi 04 - empty shell
Shushi 05 - ruined apartment block
Shushi 06 - in ruins
Shushi 07 - ghost town
Shushi 08 - cathedral
Shushi 09 - old house
Shushi 10 - former residence
Shushi 11 - fortress
Shushi 12 - fortress rampart
Shushi 13 - view from the fortress
Shushi 14 - tank memorial
Shushi 15 - wedding party
Shushi 16 - restored Ghazanchetsots Cathedral
Shushi
Shushi 01 - high on a hill
Shushi 02 - cityscape
Shushi 03 - old and new
Shushi 04 - empty shell
Shushi 05 - ruined apartment block
Shushi 06 - in ruins
Shushi 07 - ghost town
Shushi 08 - cathedral
Shushi 09 - old house
Shushi 10 - former residence
Shushi 11 - fortress
Shushi 12 - fortress rampart
Shushi 13 - view from the fortress
Shushi 14 - tank memorial
Shushi 15 - wedding party
Shushi 16 - restored Ghazanchetsots Cathedral
Shushi